Pokhara University
1. Course Description
This course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive grounding in the principles, tools, and applications of surveying. Major content areas covered include the fundamentals of surveying, compass survey techniques, leveling methods, and understanding of advanced surveying instruments such as EDM, Theodolite, and Total Station, as well as intricate topics like tachcometry, contouring, trilateration, and triangulation. The curriculum is structured in distinct units, each diving deep into specific surveying facets, allowing students to sequentially build their expertise. Additionally, the "Instruction on Field Works" sections in multiple units signify the course's emphasis on practical application, ensuring students not only understand theoretical concepts but can also implement them in real-world scenarios.
2. General Objectives
The course is designed to apply civil engineering students with comprehensive knowledge and practical skills in surveying methodologies, instruments, and applications essential for accurate land and terrain assessments.
3. Methods of Instruction
Lectures, Tutorials, Discussion, Readings and Practical works
4. Contents in Detail
| Specific Objectives | Contents |
|---|---|
| State and interpret the fundamentals of surveying principles, tools, and practices. |
Unit I: Introduction to Surveying (4 hrs)
|
| Apply and analyze compass usage and its significance in the surveying field. |
Unit II: Compass Survey (5 hrs)
|
| Apply and analyze the principles and techniques of levelling. |
Unit III: Levelling (10 hrs)
|
| Visualize with advanced surveying instruments and their applications. |
Unit IV: Introduction to EDM, Theodolite and Total Station (4 hrs)
|
| Specific Objectives | Contents |
|---|---|
| Apply and analyze traverse techniques, compute coordinates, rectify errors, address omitted measurements, and plot traverses. |
Unit V: Theodolite Traversing (10 hrs)
|
| Apply and analyze various tacheometric systems |
Unit VI: Tacheometry (5 hrs)
|
| Interpret how terrain variations are represented through contours |
Unit VII: Contouring (4 hrs)
|
| Apply and analyze trilateration and triangulation systems. |
Unit VIII: Trilateration and Triangulation (3 hrs)
|
5. List of Tutorials
| S.N. | Tutorials |
|---|---|
| 1 | Solving the problems related to the units of measurement and their conversions. |
| 2 | Determination of bearings, bearings conversions, Local attraction and closing error computation and adjustments in compass surveying. |
| 3 | Determination of the reduced level of any station using different methods of levelling. |
| 4 | Computation of consecutive and independent coordinates in closed and open traverse, balancing of closing error and determining omitted measurements. |
| 5 | Solving the problems related to the tacheometery. |
| 6 | Determination of Index contour and contour plotting. |
6. Practical Works
- Horizontal, Vertical, and Sloping Distance Measurement – use of tapes, Abney level, and ranging rods.
- Two Peg Test and Transfer of RL from BM to a point by Fly Levelling or Differential Levelling.
- Preparation of L-section and X-section of a road alignment.
- Demonstration of Theodolite and Total Station and traverse survey using theodolite or Total Station.
- Preparation of detailed topographic map by traversing using theodolite or Total station, with distances and elevations computed by tacheometry and contours drawn after arithmetic interpolation.
- Determination of elevation of accessible and inaccessible points by Trigonometrical Levelling.
- EDM Demo
- Measurement of a plot of Land by trilateration and computation of area in various systems (Ropani, Bigha, Hectare etc.)
7. Evaluation System and Students' Responsibilities
Evaluation System
In addition to the formal exam(s), the internal evaluation of a student may consist of quizzes, assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation, etc.
Internal Evaluation
| Component | Weightage |
|---|---|
| Theory | |
| Attendance & Class Participation | 10% |
| Assignments | 20% |
| Presentations/Quizzes | 10% |
| Internal Assessment | 60% |
| Practical | |
| Attendance & Class Participation | 10% |
| Lab Report/Project Report | 20% |
| Practical Exam/Project Work | 40% |
| Viva | 30% |
Total Internal Marks: 50
Semester-End Examination: 50
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100
Student's Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test, etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.
8. Prescribed Books and References
Text Books
- Punima, B.C., Jain Ahok K. & Jain, Arun K. Surveying Vol I, II, III. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. 2005.
- Agor, R. A text book of Surveying and levelling. Khanna Publishers
References
- Clark, D. Plane and Geodetic Surveying for Engineers Vol. I, II. Michigan: Constable Limited. 1923.
- Bannister, A., Raymond, S. & Baker, Raymond. Surveying (7th edition). New Delhi: Pearson education.
- Kanetkar, T.P. Surveying.
- Basak, N.N. Surveying and Levelling. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.